![]() Suicide attack campaigns sometimes also using proxy bombers (as alleged in Iraq). It may not always be clear to investigators which type of killing is which. Īlso excluded from the definition are " proxy bombings", which may have political goals and may be designed to look like suicide bombing, but where the "proxy" is forced to carry a bomb under threat (such as having their children killed) and "suicidal rampage shootings" (such as the Columbine High School massacre, the Virginia Tech shooting or Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the U.S.) which are usually thought of as being driven by personal and psychological reasons, not political, social or religious motives. Other sources exclude from their work " suicidal" or high risk attacks, such as the Lod Airport massacre or "reckless charge in battle", focusing only on true "suicide attacks", where the odds of survival are not "close to zero" but required to be zero, because "the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission". Suicide terrorism itself has been defined by Ami Pedahzur, a professor of government, as "violent actions perpetrated by people who are aware that the odds they will return alive are close to zero". The definition of "suicide" is another issue. The number of suicide attacks grew enormously after 2000. Academic Fred Halliday, has written that assigning the descriptor of 'terrorist' or 'terrorism' to the actions of a group is a tactic used by states to deny 'legitimacy' and 'rights to protest and rebel'. An alternative definition is provided by Jason Burke, a journalist who has lived among Islamic militants, and suggests that most define terrorism as 'the use or threat of serious violence' to advance some kind of 'cause', stressing that terrorism is a tactic. Suicide attacks include both suicide terrorism-terrorism often defined as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants" for the purpose of intimidation -and suicide attacks not targeting non-combatants. 4.4.4 Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant.4.2.3 Opposition and responses from Muslim scholars.4.2.2 Support for "martyrdom operations".4.1 Nationalist resistance and religion.Anthropologist Scott Atran states that since 2004 the ideology of Islamist martyrdom has motivated the overwhelming majority of bombers. Before 2003, most attacks targeted forces occupying the attackers' homeland, according to analyst Robert Pape. Kamikaze pilots acted under military orders, while other attacks have been perpetrated for religious or nationalist purposes. Suicide attackers may have various motivations. Hutchinson) as a weapon of psychological warfare to instill fear in the target population, a strategy to eliminate or at least drastically diminish areas where the public feels safe and the "fabric of trust that holds societies together", as well as to demonstrate the lengths to which perpetrators will go to achieve their goals. Suicide attacks have been described (by W. Overall, as of mid-2015, about three-quarters of all suicide attacks occurred in just three countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. Ninety percent of those attacks occurred in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. They constituted only 4% of all terrorist attacks around the world over one period (between 19), but caused 32% of all terrorism-related deaths (14,599). Suicide attacks tend to be more deadly and destructive than other terror attacks because they give their perpetrators the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, and they do not require remote or delayed detonation, escape plans or rescue teams. ![]() During this time the global rate of such attacks grew from an average of three a year in the 1980s to about one a month in the 1990s to almost one a week from 2001 to 2003 to approximately one a day from 2003 to 2015. While few, if any, successful suicide attacks took place anywhere in the world from the end of World War II until 1980, between 1981 and September 2015 a total of 4,814 suicide attacks occurred in over 40 countries, killing over 45,000 people. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout history, often as part of a military campaign (as with the Japanese kamikaze pilots of 1944–1945 during World War II), and more recently as part of terrorist campaigns (such as the September 11 attacks in 2001). Several coordinated suicide attacks targeted the United States on September 11, 2001Ī suicide attack is any violent attack, usually entailing the attacker detonating an explosion where the attacker has accepted their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used.
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